Migration, Mississippians, Di it & ChDiversity & Change Pre?Columbian America
Key Topics I. How were the Americas first settled?
II. What were the consequences of the development of farming for native communities?g
III. In what ways did groups like the Mississippians and Iroquois represent the ideas of diversity and change?
The Settling of the Americas I. The migration hypothesis
A. When and how did humans arrive in North America?
Migration from Asia
The Importance of historical uncertainty.p y
New genetic research links American Indians and northwest Asians.
Beringia land bridge between Siberia and Alaska
Glaciers locked up enough water to lower sea levels, creating grasslands 750 miles wide from north to south.
2
Migration Routes from Asia to America During the Ice Age, Asia and North America were joined where the Bering Straits are today, forming a migration route for hunting peoples. Either by boat along the coast, or through a narrow corridor between the huge northern
glaciers, these migrants began making their way to the heartland of the continent as much as 30,000 years ago.
Migration from Asia
The Importance of historical uncertainty.
New genetic research links American Indians and northwest Asians.
Beringia land bridge between Siberia and Alaska Glaciers locked up enough water to lower sea levels, creating grasslands 750 miles wide from north to south.
Three migrations from Asia beginning about 15,000 or 20,000 or possibly 30,000 years ago
Traveled by land (ice?free corridor) and along coast
The Settling of the Americas I. The migration hypothesis
A. When and how did humans arrive in North America? II. Life as a Paleo?Indian
The Life of a Paleo?Indian
Much of North America was a vast forest.
Survival depended on: small?game hunting; gathering seeds, nuts, roots, and other plants; and fishing.
Populations grew and settlements became permanent.
Men and women held different roles, but probably not as differentiated as in more developed societies.
3
The Settling of the Americas I. Who are these Indians?
II. The migration hypothesis A. When and how did humans arrive in North America?
III. Life as a Paleo?Indian
IV. The beginning of settled agriculture in the Americas A. Misconceptions about farming, and how it spread
Mexico People living in central Mexico developed farming of maize (corn) about 5 000 years agoof maize (corn) about 5,000 years ago.
Other American crops included potatoes, beans, squash, tomatoes, peppers, avocados, chocolate, and vanilla.
Agriculture stimulated sedentary lifestyle and rise of large, urban complexes.
Mesoamerican civilizations were characterized by an elite class of rulers and priests, monumental public works, and systems of mathematics and hieroglyphic writing.
Mesoamerican maize cultivation, as illustrated by an Aztec artist for the Florentine Codex, a book prepared a few years after the Spanish conquest.Spanish conquest. The peoples of Mesoamerica developed a greater variety of cultivated crops than those found in any other region in the world, and their agriculturalagricultural productivity helped sustain one of the worlds great civilizations.
The Resisted Revolution
Adoption of farming was a gradual process.
Climate, abundant food sources, and cultural values sometimes led to rejection of farming.
People often adopted farming simply as a way to increase food production.
Foraging could provide more varied diet, was less influenced by climate and required less workinfluenced by climate, and required less work.
Studies have shown that farmers were more subject to different diseases and famine than foragers.
Favorable climate was pivotal to the adoption of farming.
4
The Settling of the Americas I. Who are these Indians?
II. The migration hypothesis A. When and how did humans arrive in North America?
III. Life as a Paleo?Indian
IV. The beginning of settled agriculture in the Americas A. Misconceptions about farming, and how it spread B. Consequences of the Neolithic/Agricultural Revolution
Increasing Social Complexity
Farming stimulated increasing social complexity.
Families were grouped into clans that bound people together into a tribe.
Tribes were led by clan leaders of chiefs and advised by councils of elders.
Chiefs were responsible for collection, storage, and distribution of food.
Gender strictly divided laborGender strictly divided labor.
Marriage ties were generally weak.
Growing populations required larger food surpluses and led to war.
Diversity & Change: Native Americans in the Centuries before Columbus
I. The range of Native American cultures in North America
Indian Groups in the Areas of First Contact The Southwest was populated by desert farmers like the Pimas, Tohono OOdhams, Yumans, and Pueblos, as well as by nomadic hunters and raiders like the Apaches and Navajos. On the eve of
colonization, the Indian societies of the South shared many traits of the complex Mississippian farming culture. The Indians of the Northwest were mostly village peoples. In the fifteenth century,
five Iroquois groupsthe Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecasjoined together to form the Iroquois Five Nation Confederacy.
5
Diversity & Change: Native Americans in the Centuries before Columbus
I. The range of Native American cultures in North America A. Interaction and trade
Native North American Culture Areas and Trade Networks, ca. 1400 CE All peoples must adjust their diet, shelter, and other material aspects of their lives to the physical conditions of the world around them. By considering the ways in which Indian peoples developed
distinct cultures and adapted to their environments, anthropologists developed the concept of culture areas.
By determining the origin of artifacts found at ancient sites, historians have devised a conjectural map of Indian trade networks. Among large regional centers and smaller local ones, trade
connected Indian peoples of many different communities and regions.
Diversity & Change: Native Americans in the Centuries before Columbus
I. The range of Native American cultures in North America A. Interaction and trade B. Warfare in pre?Columbian America
II. The Mississippians: urban life comes to North America
Mississippian Society
Introduction of bow and arrow Introduction of bow and arrow, development of new maize variety (which ripened faster and grew larger), and switch from digging sticks to hoes were basis of Mississippian culture.
D l d hi ti t d i f iDeveloped sophisticated maize farming Centered around permanent villages on Mississippi River floodplain, with Cahokia as urban center
Linked by river transportation system.
6
Several artifacts recovered from the great mound at Cahokia. Both of these objects share a common imagery with Mesoamerican cultures and are some
of the evidence that the two interacted.
The Great Serpent Mound in southern Ohio, the shape of an uncoiling snake more than 1,300 feet long, is the largest effigy earthwork in the world. Monumental public works like these suggest the
high degree of social organization of the Mississippian people.
Diversity & Change: Native Americans in the Centuries before Columbus
I. The range of Native American cultures in North America A. Interaction and trade B. Warfare in pre?Columbian America
II. The Mississippians: urban life comes to North America III. Cahokia as an example of change
Cahokia: Thirteenth Century Life on the Mississippi
An urban complex along the Mississippi that An urban complex along the Mississippi that flourished from the tenth to the fourteenth century
Populated by about 30,000 people by mid?1200 Farmers with highly productive cultivation techniques Craftsmen producing goods for continent?wide trade
7
This bottle in the shape of a nursing mother (dated about 1300 BCE) was found at a Mississippian site. Historians can only speculate about the thoughts and feelings of the Mississippians, but such works of art are testimonialsworks of art are testimonials to the universal human emotion of maternal affection.
It also demonstrates the level of artistic skill that could develop in larger scale native societies supported by farmingby farming.
Cahokia: Thirteenth Century Life on the Mississippi
An urban complex along the Mississippi that flourished p g pp from the tenth to the fourteenth century
Populated by about 30,000 people by mid?1200 Farmers with highly productive cultivation techniques Craftsmen producing goods for continent?wide trade
Center of long?distance trading system
City?state sponsored by tribute and taxationy p y Mounds were monuments to the elite Priests and governors could look down on people
Huge temple showcased city wealth and power
(above) An artists reconstruction of what
Cahokia may have looked like at its heights during the 13th century. Notice the walls which surround the city, they were over a
mile in diametermile in diameter.
(below) A current photograph of the great
mound of Cahokia.
Diversity & Change: Native Americans in the Centuries before Columbus
I. The range of Native American cultures in North America A. Interaction and trade B. Warfare in pre?Columbian America
II. The Mississippians: urban life comes to North America III. Cahokia as an example of change IV. The Iroquois and Algonquian Indians were the dominant
groups along the east coast of North America and would be the ones to first extensively interact with the British.
8
The Iroquois vs. Algonquians The Algonquians:
Comprised at least 50 distinct, patrilineal cultures d b d h l h ff lWere organized into bands with loose ethnic affiliation in
north Farmed and lived in villages in south
The Iroquois: Lived in present?day Ontario and upstate New York Grew corn, beans, squash,and sunflowers Matrilineal family lineage centered around longhouses Formed confederacy to eliminate warfare
This deerskin cape, embroidered with shells by an Indian craftsman, is thought to be the chiefs mantle that Powhatan, leader of a confederacy of Algonquian villages in the Chesapeake region gaveChesapeake region, gave to an English captain as part of an exchange of presents in 1608. The animal effigies are suggestive of the complex religious beliefs centering on the relationship of hunters to their prey.
A reconstruction of an Iroquois village, including its distinctive longhouses. Their size allowed for very large and extended families to live under one roof and generally under the authority of a
matriarch. In Iroquois society when a couple got married the man moved in with his wifes family, rather than the other way around.
Diversity & Change: Native Americans in the Centuries before Columbus
I. The range of Native American cultures in North America A. Interaction and trade B. Warfare in pre?Columbian America
II. The Mississippians: urban life comes to North America III. Cahokia as an example of change IV. The Iroquois and Algonquian Indians were the dominant
groups along the east coast of North America and would be the ones to first extensively interact with the British.
V. North America on the eve of colonization
9
The Population of Indian America
The population of the Western Hemisphere in e popu at o o t e este e sp e e the fifteenth century may have numbered 50 million or more.
Population varied by cultural region. Largest populations were centered in Southwest, South and Northeastculture areas where first South, and Northeast culture areas where first encounters with Europeans occurred.
Population Density of Indian Societies in the Fifteenth Century Based on what is called the carrying capacity of different subsistence strategiesthe population
density they could support-historical demographers have mapped the hypothetical population density of Indian societies in the fifteenth century, before the era of European colonization.
Populations were densest in farming societies or in coastal areas with marine resources and sparest in extreme environments like the Great Basin.
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1
Migration, Mississippians, Di it & ChDiversity & Change Pre?Columbian America
Key Topics I. How were the Americas first settled?
II. What were the consequences of the development of farming for native communities?g
III. In what ways did groups like the Mississippians and Iroquois represent the ideas of diversity and change?
The Settling of the Americas I. The migration hypothesis
A. When and how did humans arrive in North America?
Migration from Asia
The Importance of historical uncertainty.p y
New genetic research links American Indians and northwest Asians.
Beringia land bridge between Siberia and Alaska
Glaciers locked up enough water to lower sea levels, creating grasslands 750 miles wide from north to south.
2
Migration Routes from Asia to America During the Ice Age, Asia and North America were joined where the Bering Straits are today, forming a migration route for hunting peoples. Either by boat along the coast, or through a narrow corridor between the huge northern
glaciers, these migrants began making their way to the heartland of the continent as much as 30,000 years ago.
Migration from Asia
The Importance of historical uncertainty.
New genetic research links American Indians and northwest Asians.
Beringia land bridge between Siberia and Alaska Glaciers locked up enough water to lower sea levels, creating grasslands 750 miles wide from north to south.
Three migrations from Asia beginning about 15,000 or 20,000 or possibly 30,000 years ago
Traveled by land (ice?free corridor) and along coast
The Settling of the Americas I. The migration hypothesis
A. When and how did humans arrive in North America? II. Life as a Paleo?Indian
The Life of a Paleo?Indian
Much of North America was a vast forest.
Survival depended on: small?game hunting; gathering seeds, nuts, roots, and other plants; and fishing.
Populations grew and settlements became permanent.
Men and women held different roles, but probably not as differentiated as in more developed societies.
3
The Settling of the Americas I. Who are these Indians?
II. The migration hypothesis A. When and how did humans arrive in North America?
III. Life as a Paleo?Indian
IV. The beginning of settled agriculture in the Americas A. Misconceptions about farming, and how it spread
Mexico People living in central Mexico developed farming of maize (corn) about 5 000 years agoof maize (corn) about 5,000 years ago.
Other American crops included potatoes, beans, squash, tomatoes, peppers, avocados, chocolate, and vanilla.
Agriculture stimulated sedentary lifestyle and rise of large, urban complexes.
Mesoamerican civilizations were characterized by an elite class of rulers and priests, monumental public works, and systems of mathematics and hieroglyphic writing.
Mesoamerican maize cultivation, as illustrated by an Aztec artist for the Florentine Codex, a book prepared a few years after the Spanish conquest.Spanish conquest. The peoples of Mesoamerica developed a greater variety of cultivated crops than those found in any other region in the world, and their agriculturalagricultural productivity helped sustain one of the worlds great civilizations.
The Resisted Revolution
Adoption of farming was a gradual process.
Climate, abundant food sources, and cultural values sometimes led to rejection of farming.
People often adopted farming simply as a way to increase food production.
Foraging could provide more varied diet, was less influenced by climate and required less workinfluenced by climate, and required less work.
Studies have shown that farmers were more subject to different diseases and famine than foragers.
Favorable climate was pivotal to the adoption of farming.
4
The Settling of the Americas I. Who are these Indians?
II. The migration hypothesis A. When and how did humans arrive in North America?
III. Life as a Paleo?Indian
IV. The beginning of settled agriculture in the Americas A. Misconceptions about farming, and how it spread B. Consequences of the Neolithic/Agricultural Revolution
Increasing Social Complexity
Farming stimulated increasing social complexity.
Families were grouped into clans that bound people together into a tribe.
Tribes were led by clan leaders of chiefs and advised by councils of elders.
Chiefs were responsible for collection, storage, and distribution of food.
Gender strictly divided laborGender strictly divided labor.
Marriage ties were generally weak.
Growing populations required larger food surpluses and led to war.
Diversity & Change: Native Americans in the Centuries before Columbus
I. The range of Native American cultures in North America
Indian Groups in the Areas of First Contact The Southwest was populated by desert farmers like the Pimas, Tohono OOdhams, Yumans, and Pueblos, as well as by nomadic hunters and raiders like the Apaches and Navajos. On the eve of
colonization, the Indian societies of the South shared many traits of the complex Mississippian farming culture. The Indians of the Northwest were mostly village peoples. In the fifteenth century,
five Iroquois groupsthe Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecasjoined together to form the Iroquois Five Nation Confederacy.
5
Diversity & Change: Native Americans in the Centuries before Columbus
I. The range of Native American cultures in North America A. Interaction and trade
Native North American Culture Areas and Trade Networks, ca. 1400 CE All peoples must adjust their diet, shelter, and other material aspects of their lives to the physical conditions of the world around them. By considering the ways in which Indian peoples developed
distinct cultures and adapted to their environments, anthropologists developed the concept of culture areas.
By determining the origin of artifacts found at ancient sites, historians have devised a conjectural map of Indian trade networks. Among large regional centers and smaller local ones, trade
connected Indian peoples of many different communities and regions.
Diversity & Change: Native Americans in the Centuries before Columbus
I. The range of Native American cultures in North America A. Interaction and trade B. Warfare in pre?Columbian America
II. The Mississippians: urban life comes to North America
Mississippian Society
Introduction of bow and arrow Introduction of bow and arrow, development of new maize variety (which ripened faster and grew larger), and switch from digging sticks to hoes were basis of Mississippian culture.
D l d hi ti t d i f iDeveloped sophisticated maize farming Centered around permanent villages on Mississippi River floodplain, with Cahokia as urban center
Linked by river transportation system.
6
Several artifacts recovered from the great mound at Cahokia. Both of these objects share a common imagery with Mesoamerican cultures and are some
of the evidence that the two interacted.
The Great Serpent Mound in southern Ohio, the shape of an uncoiling snake more than 1,300 feet long, is the largest effigy earthwork in the world. Monumental public works like these suggest the
high degree of social organization of the Mississippian people.
Diversity & Change: Native Americans in the Centuries before Columbus
I. The range of Native American cultures in North America A. Interaction and trade B. Warfare in pre?Columbian America
II. The Mississippians: urban life comes to North America III. Cahokia as an example of change
Cahokia: Thirteenth Century Life on the Mississippi
An urban complex along the Mississippi that An urban complex along the Mississippi that flourished from the tenth to the fourteenth century
Populated by about 30,000 people by mid?1200 Farmers with highly productive cultivation techniques Craftsmen producing goods for continent?wide trade
7
This bottle in the shape of a nursing mother (dated about 1300 BCE) was found at a Mississippian site. Historians can only speculate about the thoughts and feelings of the Mississippians, but such works of art are testimonialsworks of art are testimonials to the universal human emotion of maternal affection.
It also demonstrates the level of artistic skill that could develop in larger scale native societies supported by farmingby farming.
Cahokia: Thirteenth Century Life on the Mississippi
An urban complex along the Mississippi that flourished p g pp from the tenth to the fourteenth century
Populated by about 30,000 people by mid?1200 Farmers with highly productive cultivation techniques Craftsmen producing goods for continent?wide trade
Center of long?distance trading system
City?state sponsored by tribute and taxationy p y Mounds were monuments to the elite Priests and governors could look down on people
Huge temple showcased city wealth and power
(above) An artists reconstruction of what
Cahokia may have looked like at its heights during the 13th century. Notice the walls which surround the city, they were over a
mile in diametermile in diameter.
(below) A current photograph of the great
mound of Cahokia.
Diversity & Change: Native Americans in the Centuries before Columbus
I. The range of Native American cultures in North America A. Interaction and trade B. Warfare in pre?Columbian America
II. The Mississippians: urban life comes to North America III. Cahokia as an example of change IV. The Iroquois and Algonquian Indians were the dominant
groups along the east coast of North America and would be the ones to first extensively interact with the British.
8
The Iroquois vs. Algonquians The Algonquians:
Comprised at least 50 distinct, patrilineal cultures d b d h l h ff lWere organized into bands with loose ethnic affiliation in
north Farmed and lived in villages in south
The Iroquois: Lived in present?day Ontario and upstate New York Grew corn, beans, squash,and sunflowers Matrilineal family lineage centered around longhouses Formed confederacy to eliminate warfare
This deerskin cape, embroidered with shells by an Indian craftsman, is thought to be the chiefs mantle that Powhatan, leader of a confederacy of Algonquian villages in the Chesapeake region gaveChesapeake region, gave to an English captain as part of an exchange of presents in 1608. The animal effigies are suggestive of the complex religious beliefs centering on the relationship of hunters to their prey.
A reconstruction of an Iroquois village, including its distinctive longhouses. Their size allowed for very large and extended families to live under one roof and generally under the authority of a
matriarch. In Iroquois society when a couple got married the man moved in with his wifes family, rather than the other way around.
Diversity & Change: Native Americans in the Centuries before Columbus
I. The range of Native American cultures in North America A. Interaction and trade B. Warfare in pre?Columbian America
II. The Mississippians: urban life comes to North America III. Cahokia as an example of change IV. The Iroquois and Algonquian Indians were the dominant
groups along the east coast of North America and would be the ones to first extensively interact with the British.
V. North America on the eve of colonization
9
The Population of Indian America
The population of the Western Hemisphere in e popu at o o t e este e sp e e the fifteenth century may have numbered 50 million or more.
Population varied by cultural region. Largest populations were centered in Southwest, South and Northeastculture areas where first South, and Northeast culture areas where first encounters with Europeans occurred.
Population Density of Indian Societies in the Fifteenth Century Based on what is called the carrying capacity of different subsistence strategiesthe population
density they could support-historical demographers have mapped the hypothetical population density of Indian societies in the fifteenth century, before the era of European colonization.
Populations were densest in farming societies or in coastal areas with marine resources and sparest in extreme environments like the Great Basin.
Applied Sciences
Architecture and Design
Biology
Business & Finance
Chemistry
Computer Science
Geography
Geology
Education
Engineering
English
Environmental science
Spanish
Government
History
Human Resource Management
Information Systems
Law
Literature
Mathematics
Nursing
Physics
Political Science
Psychology
Reading
Science
Social Science
Home
Homework Answers
Blog
Archive
Tags
Reviews
Contact
google+twitterfacebook
Copyright © 2021 HomeworkMarket.com
